Strain gauges are often used in tunnel construction and to measure the stress in the shotcrete lining. Since shotcrete, as opposed to concrete, can absorb significantly higher deformations, it is advisable to use strain gauges with DMS technology (because of the higher measuring range compared to VW sensors) in this area. Transducers using VW technology are also used for measuring strain in construction elements such as bracings in excavations, etc.

In-situ test for determining shotcrete parameters

Pressure transducers in tunnel construction can be placed either “tangentially” to measure the strain in the shell, or “radially” between shell and rock. Pressure pads with larger surfaces are used, for instance, for measuring stress under foundations or in embankments.